The application of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia (Goddard) Zare & W. Gams during seedling production of vegetable crops can be an efficient approach to control root-knot nematode. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of treating seedlings and/or soil with bionematicide (wettable powder formulation) based on chlamydospores from isolate Pc-10 on the Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) control in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Isolate Pc-10 was diluted in water and applied when watering the seedlings (0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, and 18.0 g L-1) and/or to the potted soil (5000 chlamydospores g-1) used for growing lettuce. The soil in each pot was infested with 3000 M. javanica eggs. The number of M. javanica eggs was reduced in lettuce roots when isolate Pc-10 was applied either to seedlings or soil; there was no interaction between application methods. The decrease in the number of eggs was proportional to the increase of isolate Pc-10 applied to seedlings with maximum reduction of 43.5% at the 18 g L-1 dose. When the fungus was applied to the soil, the number of eggs was reduced by 12.3%. Increasing doses of isolate Pc-10 reduced the number of galls up to 21% with the 18 g L-1 dose. Applying bionematicide based on P. chlamydosporia isolate Pc-10 at 18 g L-1 on seedlings controls M. javanica in lettuce.

Cinco amostras de solo com alto teor de matéria orgânica (10,14 dag/kg) de 1 kg cada foram autoclavadas (120 °C/1h), cinco foram aquecidas em forno de microondas a 660 watts e 2450 Hz por 4 min e cinco não foram aquecidas. Raízes de Mucuna aterrima, Crotalaria juncea, Tagetes erecta e Lycopersicon esculentum foram maceradas separadamente em liquidificador à baixa velocidade durante 30 s em 1000 mL de água e peneiradas. As suspensões resultantes foram adicionadas às amostras de solos as quais foram acondicionadas em saco plástico e submetidas aos três tratamentos térmicos e posteriormente mantidas a 28 ºC por 24 h. Setenta e oito isolados bacterianos foram obtidos das amostras de solo por diluição em série e submetidos à seleção para o biocontrole de M. javanica. Sementes de tomate foram microbiolizadas por imersão em suspensão de propágulos de cada uma das culturas e semeadas em substrato dentro de tubetes em casa de vegetação. As mudas resultantes foram inoculadas com 400 ovos do nematóide, cada. O isolado UFV-6 de Escherichia coli reduziu o número de galhas em maior magnitude (80%) ao passo que o isolado UFV-8 de Citrobacter freundii foi o mais eficiente na redução do número de ovos (83%). A identificação dos isolados foi feita por análise de ácidos graxos esteres de metil e testes bioquímicos.

Five samples of 1 kg each of organic soil (10.14 dag/kg) were autoclaved at 120 °C for 1 hour, five were heated in a 660 watt and 2450 Hz microwave oven at full power for 4 min, and five were not heat-treated. Roots of Mucuna aterrima, Crotalaria juncea, Tagetes erecta and Lycopersicon esculentum were macerated, separately, in 1000 ml of tap water in a blender at low speed for 30 s, then sieved. Each of the resulting suspensions or just tap water (control treatment) was poured on one of the different soil samples inside a plastic bag and stored at 28 °C for 24 h. Seventy-eight bacterial isolates were obtained from the soil samples by serial dilution and selected for a subsequent assay for the biocontrol of Meloidogyne javanica. Tomato seeds were soaked in suspension of each bacterial isolate, then sowed in substrate inside plastic tubes in the greenhouse. The seedlings were each inoculated with 400 eggs of the nematode. The isolate UFV-6 of Escherichia coli reduced the number of galls to the highest extent (80%), and UFV-8 of Citrobacter freundii was the most effective in reducing number of eggs (83%). The identification of the isolates was done by fatty acid analyses and biochemical tests.

A bactéria Pasteuria penetrans é um parasita obrigatório do nematóide das galhas (Meloidogyne spp.) e produz esporos que persistem por anos no solo. A sua produção por cultivo in vitro ainda é inviável e a produção de inoculo requer o seu cultivo in vivo em nematóides parasitando plantas em vasos. Neste trabalho, buscou-se, por meio do estudo histológico de raízes, averiguar diferenças no desenvolvimento de P. penetrans em Meloidogyne spp. parasitando raízes de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum), maxixe (Cucumis anguria) e camapu (Physalis angulata), e possíveis razões para estas diferenças, como forma e tamanho de células gigantes e das fêmeas do nematóide. O maxixe foi o pior dentre os hospedeiros em teste para a produção de inóculo e apresentou células gigantes anormais. A estrutura das células gigantes assim como o desenvolvimento da bactéria foram semelhantes no camapu e no tomateiro, entretanto o ciclo de vida de P. penetrans foi ligeiramente mais curto no tomateiro.

The bacterium Pasteuria penetrans is an obligate parasite of root-knot nematodes and produces spores that persist in soil for many years. At present, in vitro cultivation is not feasible, thereby requiring inoculum production in vivo cultivation, inside nematode parasitizing potted plants. In this work, the differences in the development of P. penetrans in Meloidogyne spp. parasitizing roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), gherkin (Cucumis anguria) and "camapu" (Physalis angulata) were evaluated by histopathology of infected roots. Possible reasons for the differences found were analyzed, such as change in the giant cells or nematode females. The gherkin was the worst host for inoculum production and presented abnormal giant cells. The anatomy of giant cells and the bacterium development were similar in tomato and "camapu" root systems, but the P. penetrans life cicle was slightly shorter in tomato than in camapu.